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Respiratory · Loop reading
Spirometry Lab
Read the loop. Name the lung disease.
Patients from asthma to restrictive and neuromuscular disease, each with a live flow-volume loop and test results. Decide the pattern, the bronchodilator response and the gas transfer, then name the diagnosis.
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Live demo of Spirometry Lab
Try it: read the loop
Pick a patient. The dashed loop is the predicted normal. Work the four steps.
Sources
Every fact in this app is cited
These are the references this app draws on. Inside the app, each answer links to its source in a reading window that keeps your place.
- 2017 ERS/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lungEuropean Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society · ERS/ATS technical standard
- ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function testsEuropean Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society · ERS/ATS technical standard
- 2025 GOLD ReportGlobal Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease · GOLD report
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencyNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Atrial septal defect (ASD) (MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia)National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM
- AsthmaNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Pulmonary FibrosisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (encyclopedia)National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Pulmonary function tests (encyclopedia)National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- COPD: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencyNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- AsthmaNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- COPDNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Pulmonary Fibrosis (Idiopathic)National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Tests for Lung DiseaseNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Obesity Hypoventilation SyndromeNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (NG245)National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) · NICE (UK)
- COPD in over 16s: diagnosis and management (NG115)National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) · NICE (UK)
- Motor neurone disease: assessment and management (NG42)National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) · NICE (UK)
- Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management: recommendationsNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (with BTS and SIGN) · NICE guideline NG245
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH) · NINDS / NIH
- Evaluation of recently proposed thresholds to define spirometry bronchodilator responseERJ Open Research 2025 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- The Clinical Utility of Pulmonary Function Tests in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Central Airway Obstruction: A Narrative ReviewJ Clin Med 2024 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Connective Tissue Disorder-Induced Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage: A Comprehensive Review with an Emphasis on Airway and Respiratory ManagementLife (Basel) 2025 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Evaluation of Changes in Pleural Pressure, Spirometry and Their Effects on Dyspnoea and the Six-Minute Walk Test Following Thoracentesis for Symptomatic Pleural EffusionCureus 2025 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- Flow volume curve: A diagnostic tool in extrathoracic airway obstructionPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Beyond Spirometry: Dyspnea, Functional Limitation, and Psychological Distress Across GOLD Stages in COPDMedicina 2026 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- Comparison of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Protocols for COPD: GOLD vs. ATS/ERSCureus 2026 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Should routine pulmonary function tests be performed in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or congestive heart failure undergoing cardiac surgery?J Cardiothorac Surg 2024 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- Postoperative Pulmonary Function and Structural Remodelling After Lobectomy in Patients With and Without COPDInterdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2026 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- Spirometry update 2019: phase 4 forced maximal inspiration and new acceptability criteriaBreathe 2025, European Respiratory Society (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Pulmonary function of children with tracheomalacia and associated clinical factorsPediatr Pulmonol 2022 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed study (PMC)
- A review on diagnostic assessments of tracheal stenosisPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Diagnosis and multimodality treatment of primary malignant tracheal tumorsTransl Cancer Res 2025 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed review (PMC)
- Understanding the use of z-scores and LLN in pulmonary function test reportsLung India 2025 (via PubMed Central) · Peer-reviewed editorial (PMC)
- Cystic FibrosisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Guillain-Barre SyndromeNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Myasthenia GravisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- Pulmonary HypertensionNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- SarcoidosisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- ScoliosisNational Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus · NIH / NLM MedlinePlus
- BronchiectasisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Bronchiectasis: DiagnosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Cystic FibrosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Interstitial Lung DiseasesNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Interstitial Lung Diseases: DiagnosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Pulmonary HypertensionNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Pulmonary Hypertension: DiagnosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- SarcoidosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Sarcoidosis: DiagnosisNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) · NHLBI / NIH
- Cystic fibrosis: diagnosis and management (NG78)National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) · NICE (UK)
- Guillain-Barre SyndromeNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH) · NINDS / NIH
- Myasthenia GravisNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH) · NINDS / NIH
- Characterization of lung function impairment in adults with bronchiectasisPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed article (PMC)
- Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a narrative reviewPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed article (PMC)
- Loss of alveolar membrane diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume in pulmonary arterial hypertensionPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed article (PMC)
- Pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosisPubMed Central · Peer-reviewed article (PMC)
- Assessment of Pulmonary Function After Treatment of Scoliosis: Meta-Analysis and Review ArticlePubMed Central · Peer-reviewed article (PMC)
- AsbestosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- BronchiectasisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Cystic FibrosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Guillain-Barre SyndromeStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Hypersensitivity PneumonitisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- KyphoscoliosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Myasthenia GravisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Pulmonary HypertensionStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- SarcoidosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencyStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)StatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon MonoxideStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Obesity-Hypoventilation SyndromeStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Pulmonary Function TestsStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Pulmonary Function Tests and Thoracic Cage AbnormalitiesStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Restrictive Lung DiseaseStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- SpirometryStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Subglottic StenosisStatPearls Publishing, National Library of Medicine (NCBI Bookshelf) · NIH / NLM
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fact sheetWorld Health Organization · WHO