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metformin
Metformin
Biguanide; global first-line for type 2 diabetes. Inhibits mitochondrial Complex I → AMPK → suppressed PEPCK/G6Pase → ↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis. HbA1c −1–2%; weight-neutral; no hypoglycemia monotherapy. UKPDS: 36% mortality reduction. 120 million users.
Entry Metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ID | metformin |
| Name | Metformin |
| Status | draft |
| Last reviewed | 2026-06-04 |
| Stream | 01-modern |
Cross-Atlas Connections
Sources
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):854-65. · PubMed 9742977
- Foretz M, Guigas B, Bertrand L, Pollak M, Viollet B. Metformin: from mechanisms of action to therapies. Cell Metab. 2014;20(6):953-66. · PubMed 25456737
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Standards of Care in Diabetes — 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S1-S321.
- Zhang CS, Li M, Ma T, et al. Metformin activates AMPK through the lysosomal pathway. Cell Metab. 2016;24(4):521-522. · PubMed 27732831