Molecular

The molecular scale is where biology becomes mechanism. Insulin binds its receptor tyrosine kinase and triggers a phosphorylation cascade. Cortisol enters the nucleus, displaces Hsp90 from the glucocorticoid receptor, and directly rewrites gene expression. Troponin C binds calcium and pivots the thin filament to let myosin cross-bridge. NF-κB translocates on pathogen recognition and induces cytokine transcription within minutes. Every pharmacological intervention — every drug, every biologic, every gene therapy — works by targeting a molecule at this scale. The entries below are organized by functional class.