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panic-disorder
Panic Disorder
Panic disorder (2-3% lifetime) involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks driven by LC-NE hyperactivation and amygdala CO2 hypersensitivity; first-line: SSRIs/SNRIs + CBT with interoceptive exposure; benzodiazepines for acute attacks; avoid long-term BZ use.
Entry Metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ID | panic-disorder |
| Name | Panic Disorder |
| Status | draft |
| Last reviewed | 2026-06-08 |
| Atlas | 01-human |
| Scale | 07-system |
Cross-Atlas Connections
connects-toNorepinephrine
connects-toSerotonin
connects-toGaba
connects-toGlutamate
targetsBrain
connects-toOxytocin
treated-byFluoxetine
connects-toGeneralized Anxiety Disorder
connects-toSocial Anxiety Disorder
connects-toNeuron
connects-toPtsd
connects-toAdrenal Gland
connects-toAsthma
connects-toPheochromocytoma Paraganglioma
connects-toCortisol
connects-toMajor Depressive Disorder
connects-toAdenosine
connects-toHeart
connects-toRespiratory System
connects-toOrexin
connects-toNervous System
connects-toCardiovascular System
connects-toEpinephrine
connects-toCarbon
connects-toLung
connects-toCalcium
connects-toHippocampus
connects-toAstrocyte
connects-toHydrogen
connects-toSynapse
connects-toMicroglia
connects-toThyroid
connects-toLarge Intestine
connects-toCardiomyocyte
connects-toPhoton
connects-toSodium
connects-toDopamine
connects-toSkin
connects-toMagnesium
connects-toStomach
connects-toProgesterone
connects-toGut Microbiome
connects-toPlatelet
connects-toEstrogen
connects-toMast Cell
connects-toInsomnia Disorder
connects-toAlcohol Use Disorder
connects-toMigraine
connects-toBdnf
connects-toCrh
connects-toCopd
connects-toStimulant Use Disorder
connects-toNf Kb
connects-toBipolar Disorder
connects-toCannabis Use Disorder
connects-toHypertension
connects-toHeart Failure
connects-toStroke
connects-toObsessive Compulsive Disorder
connects-toEndocrine System
connects-toAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
connects-toDigestive System
connects-toMusculoskeletal System
connects-toIntegumentary System
connects-toReproductive System
connects-toRenal System
connects-toImmune System
connects-toBeta Blockers
connects-toMagnesium Dietary
connects-toAshwagandha
connects-toFibromyalgia
connects-toOmega 3 Fatty Acids
connects-toBorderline Personality Disorder
connects-toEpilepsy
connects-toCardiac Conduction System
connects-toBinge Eating Disorder
connects-toMyocardium
connects-toAlveolus
connects-toPeripheral Nerve
connects-toAtherosclerosis
connects-toVenous Thromboembolism
connects-toCovid 19 Disease
connects-toNpy
connects-toSubstance P
connects-toIntestinal Epithelium
connects-toAcetylcholine
connects-toIl 6
connects-toTnf Alpha
connects-toSerotonin Transporter
connects-toMu Opioid Receptor
connects-toIl 1B
connects-toEndocannabinoid
connects-toCgrp
connects-toVasopressin
connects-toBeta1 Adrenergic Receptor
connects-toGlucocorticoid Receptor
connects-toNlrp3 Inflammasome
connects-toActh
connects-toHistamine
connects-toIl 10
connects-toTlr4
connects-toNtrk
connects-toErk1 2
connects-toAkt
connects-toGalectin 3
connects-toMyd88
connects-toGsk 3B
connects-toStat3
connects-toCgas Sting
connects-toFoxo
connects-toStat1
connects-toJak1 2
connects-toPik3Ca
connects-toMtor
connects-toMelatonin
connects-toAmpk
connects-toAutophagy
connects-toDnmt3A
connects-toCcr5
connects-toCxcl12
connects-toIl 33
connects-toThyroid Hormones
connects-toAngiotensin Ii
connects-toNitric Oxide
connects-toProton
connects-toInsulin
connects-toTroponin Complex
connects-toXanthine Oxidase
connects-toProstaglandins
connects-toGlp 1
connects-toCholesterol
connects-toLeptin
connects-toGhrelin
connects-toIl 4
connects-toCopper
connects-toZinc
connects-toIl 13
connects-toAdiponectin
connects-toResistin
connects-toType I Interferon
connects-toIfn Gamma
connects-toIl 12
connects-toIl 5
connects-toIl 23
connects-toIge
connects-toT Cytotoxic Cell
connects-toNatural Killer Cell
connects-toT Helper Cell
connects-toComplement C3
connects-toC5Ar1
connects-toDendritic Cell
connects-toTslp
connects-toBradykinin
connects-toComplement C5
connects-toC1 Esterase Inhibitor
connects-toErythropoietin
connects-toProlactin
connects-toTestosterone
connects-toSelenium
connects-toTransferrin
connects-toIodine
connects-toPotassium
connects-toPhosphorus
connects-toIron
connects-toChloride
connects-toSulfur
connects-toNitrogen
connects-toOxygen
connects-toDopamine
connects-toPd 1
connects-toVegf
connects-toWnt Beta Catenin
connects-toRankl
connects-toSmad4
connects-toIl 2
connects-toFibronectin
connects-toNotch
connects-toIgf 1
connects-toActivin A
connects-toTgf Beta
connects-toCalcitonin
connects-toInsulin Receptor
connects-toAldosterone
connects-toAndrogen Receptor
connects-toAdrenomedullin
connects-toOsteopontin
connects-toFgfr
connects-toRenin
connects-toMyostatin
connects-toAngiopoietin
connects-toGlucagon
connects-toApoe
connects-toGrowth Hormone
Sources
- Craske MG, Barlow DH. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In: Barlow DH, ed. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders. 4th ed. Guilford; 2007. · PubMed 17542550
- Gorman JM, Kent JM, Sullivan GM, Coplan JD. Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):493-505. · PubMed 10739407
- Nardi AE, Freire RC, Zin WA. Panic disorder and control of breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;167(1):133-143. · PubMed 18708168